![](https://cdn.enthralling.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/revolutions-10.jpg)
“Refus global”
On August 9, 1948, a group of 15 Quebec artists (including Françoise Sullivan, Jean-Paul Riopelle, and Claude Gauvreau) led by painter Paul-Émile Borduas issued the Refus Global manifesto at the Tranquille bookstore.
The document questioned the role of religion and identitarian closure in Quebec society under the Duplessis government and set the stage for the Quiet Revolution, a series of reforms that propelled Quebec into the modern era.